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小毛球儿

性别: 性别:美女
居住地: Michgan,USA

楼层: #1   时间: 周二 5 16, 2006 9:29 下午 引用回复
新toefl考试专版(留学的必备考试成绩)
by 小毛球儿 发贴于 加州阳光 http://bbs.calsunshine.info/sutra198868.html#198868

新toefl考试专版建成了。大家有什么新toefl的咨询都可以发到这里边来。信息共享!
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自动查找电脑里的图片,并分类管理。轻松美化照片,与朋友共享或上传到Blog。
本主题网址: http://bbs.calsunshine.info/ftopic44237.html
小毛球儿

性别: 性别:美女
居住地: Michgan,USA

楼层: #2   时间: 周二 5 16, 2006 9:30 下午 引用回复
托福改革!你准备好了么?
by 小毛球儿 发贴于 加州阳光 http://bbs.calsunshine.info/sutra198869.html#198869

05年9月托福要改革了,也许很多考生早已知道这个“不幸”的消息!面对新托福考试,将来准备考托福的你,准备好了吗?面对改革后的托福考试,考生一定会有众多疑问。针对此问题我们采访了沈阳新东方国内外考试部的主管董智老师,对于托福改革的热点问题作以解答:

  问:新托福的改革方向以及改革宗旨?

  董智:众所周知,托福考试就是一种语言测试,那么新托福当然也是为了使这个语言考试更加科学、更加能考察考生的真实语言水平。

  新托福旨在全面考察学生对于英语的驾驭能力,在传统的读,听,写三部分的基础上,不但首次加入了说的部分,而且还推出了对综合能力考察的考试形式。如:要求考生先听一段录音,然后根据听到的内容说明自己的观点。或者是先读一段文字,再听一段录音,最后根据读到的和听到的写一篇短文。综合能力的考试主要是针对学生在大学学习时可能遇到的各种常见场景,包括课堂讲座和课外活动而设置。

  其实很多美国高校对新托福的这种考试方法都给予了很高的评价。如:UIUC大学的英语系教授对这种新托福的综合能力考试形式给予了很高的评价,他认为新托福的考试分数将更有利于学校对学生的审核与评判,同时通过考试的学生将因为对于英语有了更大的信心而成为最大的收益者。

  问:新托福在题型方面有什么特殊变化?

  董智: 新托福还有人性化的附加部分,如:考生得到的成绩单会说明考生在英语上最为薄弱的环节,同时还会对考生将来的英语学习提出针对性很强的改进意见。并且新托福的机考出题并不采取以前GRE或现在GMAT机考的出题方式,新托福中下一道题目的难度与考生以前答题的正确率是无关的(这点请注意)。在考试形式方面,ETS将使用因特网使得新托福成为最方便的考试,并且争取使ETS的网络达到全世界任何国家,如果有些地区实在没有条件的话,ETS会用其他方法来保证考生能够得到听、说、读、写四个方面能力的考察。新TOEFL包括以下四个组成部分:
  
  听力部分:考生将听到两段长对话(2-3分钟)和四个演讲(4-6分钟),都是针对课堂学习或者校园生活,因此与考生在课堂上将遇到的情况是非常类似的。问题则主要是关于谈话的主题和一些支持性的细节,还有一些询问考生个人态度的题目。与之前听力考试相比,有以下几点主要的不同:

  1. 加入了多选题。

  2. 对话中会有两个或者更多的演讲人参加。

  3. 在演讲中,演讲人的讲话主题会出现在屏幕上。

  4. 在听的时候考生可以记笔记。

  5. 某些考题的考察内容可以听两次。

  口语部分:该部分考察考生在学术上使用英语口头交流和表达的能力。需要考生在理解读到或听到的材料的基础上清楚,准确的交流。考生要通过耳机和麦克风回答六个问题。前两个是考生熟悉的题目,是独立口语考试。而后四个题目则需要考生再运用听和读其中的一种或两种来回答综合口语题。六个题目的描述如下:

  在独立口语考试的2个题目中,一个是关于你熟悉的人或事说一些你自己的看法,另一个则有些类似与TWE,只不过是要考生在45秒之内完成自己的观点。

  2个题目(一个跟学术有关,一个跟校园生活有关)是要求考生先读一段文字(比前面的阅读与听力部分的长度要短),再听一段跟刚才读到的文章有关的录音,考生可以在听的时候作记录,最后将读到的和听到的联合起来做口头表达。

  2个题目(一个跟学术有关,一个跟校园生活有关)是要求考生先听一段文字,然后归纳谈话的内容(比如,讲话人是如何论证观点的,他对该问题提出哪些解决方案等等)。

  阅读部分:考生将读到三篇文章,回答与文章相关的问题。与现行的托福考试阅读理解相比,有以下几点主要的不同:

  1. 加入了多选题。

  2. 新的题目类型:文章给出四个可能需要填充的地方,考生要将一句给定的话填入这四个空中的一处,使得文章的意思最为完整,衔接最为紧密。

  3. 新的题目类型:考生要将答案用滑鼠拖到屏幕相应的位置上。(这点类似于答案连线)

  4. 考生可以点到一些生词或词组来查阅其英文释义。

   与其他机考不同的是,新托福的阅读考试中,考生可以随时检查自己有哪些题目是当时跳过未完成的,并可以随时回去重新做那些已经做好了的题目。

  写作部分:此部分考察考生在学术上使用英语写作交流的能力。需要考生在读懂题目以后,清晰,准确地写出一篇结构明朗的文章。与以前的写作考试相比,有以下几点主要的不同:

  1. 考生需要完成两篇作文。一篇独立作文,就是以前的TWE(TEST OF WRITTEN ENGLISH),而另外一篇则是综合作文考察。

  2. 在综合考试中,考生会先读到一段跟学术有关的文字(大约250-300字),再听一段跟刚才读到的文章有关的录音(此时文章隐去),考生可以在听的时候作记录,最后根据读到的和听到的,在20分钟之内写一篇150-225字的短文。注意一定要写二者的联系。

  以上是新托福考试内容的一些作息。所以从整体来说,新托福考试更加注重英语的实际应用能力,比现行的托福考试要稍难。

  问:在考试前除了技术准备,还需做些什么?

  董智:最重要的就是大家也不必惊惶,因为毕竟新托福的四个部分中有三个部分都是跟现行的托福考试十分类似的,并且考试的本质还是相同的,只有口语部分是全新登场,但是经过新东方系统的训练和突击,相信大家都可以顺利地通过新托福考试。
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小毛球儿

性别: 性别:美女
居住地: Michgan,USA

楼层: #3   时间: 周二 5 16, 2006 9:32 下午 引用回复
蒙特利尔新东方名师谈新托福
by 小毛球儿 发贴于 加州阳光 http://bbs.calsunshine.info/sutra198871.html#198871

新托福:Are You Ready?


  美国教育考试服务中心ETS将在全球推出一种全新的综合英语测试方法,即能够反映在一流大专院校教学和校园生活中对语言实际需求的新托福考试(Next Generation TOEFL)。

  新托福机考实行后,将在全球范围内正式取代现行的托福笔试和机试形式。与现行托福相比,新托福考试在难度上有所增加,一个最引人注目的变化就是增加了口语测试,使之成为一个全面评测考生四项英语语言技能的考试。任何人可以简单地增加“说”的考试。在新托福考试中,学生会被要求先读后听,然后根据题目要求口头回答。这就是新托福的核心:语言技能的融合测评而非独立的测评。这种语言技能融合的测试也同时出现在新托福写作考试部分。

  虽然新托福的内容和形式都发生了重大变化,但对考生来讲是有很大的益处。

  首先,考试更侧重于实用性。新托福的设计是建立在“交际能力”的概念上的,所有语言素材都取自真实的学术语言环境。其试题中客观题(如选择和是非题)退居次要地位,而用语言或文字表达观点的主观题成为主导,注重测试学生们如何在真实的学术环境中交流。因此,学生们应在综合提高自己的听说读写能力,同时也要对北美大学校园的生活有一定的了解;

  其次,新托福的评分体系更趋科学。主观题型的判分采取整体评分的原则,即全方位客观评判口语和写作答题的总体质量,而非注意小错误和单一弱点。评判的重点在于考生是否利用已掌握的的语言有效地传达思想和把控思想的展开进程,而非言辞和/或文字的展开。新托福的分数报告不再只停留在报告考生的整体英语水平和各单项语言技能的成绩上,还会通过提供一个诊断报告让考生本人和教师了解考生的英语语言学习要求。

  第三,新托福考试将通过互联网进行。新托福考试的考试时间和各部分试题数目都是固定的。但该考试不采用计算机出题的方式,即题目难度与上一题回答是否准确无关。

  具体来说,新托福考试将由四部分组成,分别是阅读(Reading)、听力(Listening)、口试(Speaking)、写作(Writing)。新托福四个部分的考试内容将依次在一天内完成,整个考试大概持续4个小时。

  一、阅读(Reading)有三篇文章

  与现行托福不同的是,考生不需要在答题之前通读全文,而是在做题的过程中分段阅读文章。每篇文章对应有11道试题,均为选择题。除了最后一道试题之外,其他试题都是针对文章的某一部分提问,试题的出现顺序与文章的段落顺序一致。最后一题针对整篇文章提问,要求考生从多条选择项中挑选若干项对全文进行总结或归纳。新一代托福阅读文章的篇幅比现行托福阅读文章的篇幅略长,难度也有所增加。这部分持续时间为1小时,在此时限中考生可以复查、修改已递交的答案。

  二、听力(Listening)取消了短对话

  由两篇较长的校园情景对话和四篇课堂演讲组成,课堂演讲每篇长约5分钟。由于是机考,考生在听录音资料之前无法得知试题。在播放录音资料时,电脑屏幕上会显示相应的背景图片。考生可以在听音过程中记笔记。考生不能复查、修改已递交的答案。这个部分持续大约50分钟,听力之后有10分钟的休息时间。

  三、口试(Speaking)把TSE(Test of Spoken English)融合在新托福中

  然而与现行的TSE相比又有较大改动。这个部分共有6题,持续约20分钟。

  第一、二题要求考生就某一话题阐述自己的观点。

  第三、四题要求考生首先在45秒内阅读一段短文,随后短文隐去,播放一段与短文有关的对话或课堂演讲。最后,要求考生根据先前阅读的短文和播放的对话或课堂演讲回答相关问题,考生有30秒钟的准备时间,然后进行60秒钟的回答。例如,短文中描述了对学校体育馆进行扩建的两种方案,对话中一位同学阐述了自己的立场,即赞成哪种方案,反对哪种方案,并列举了若干理由。要求考生叙述对话中同学的立场并解释他/她列举了哪些理由支持这一观点。

  第五、六题要求考生听一段校园情景对话或课堂演讲,然后回答相关问题。考生有20秒钟的准备时间,之后进行60秒钟的回答。例如,先播放一段市场学课堂演讲,演讲中教授列举了两种市场调查的方法,然后要求考生使用课堂演讲中的观点和例子描述教授列举出的两种市场调查的方法。

  考生可以在听音过程中记笔记以帮助答题。在准备和答题时,屏幕上会显示倒计时的时钟。

  四、写作(Writing)要求考生在1小时内完成两篇作文

  其中一篇类似于现行托福的写作,要求考生在30分钟内就某一话题阐述自己的观点,字数要求为300字以上。

  另一篇则要求考生首先阅读一篇文章,五分钟以后,文章隐去,播放一段与文章有关的课堂演讲。课堂演讲列举了一些论据反驳文章中的论点、论据。随后要求考生在20分钟内写一篇作文,总结课堂演讲的论点、论据,并陈述这些论点、论据是如何反驳文章的论点、论据的,字数要求为150字到225字之间。在写作时,文章会重新显示在屏幕上。这篇作文不要求考生阐述自己的观点。

  面对即将到来的新托福考试,学生们应当及早着手进行各方面的培训和准备。最好的建议是,有志于申请学校的同学应该尽可能在2005年9月份之前考出一份比较满意的托福成绩,这可既可以避免迎战新托福之苦,又可节省时间,早日进入自己理想的大学。
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小毛球儿

性别: 性别:美女
居住地: Michgan,USA

楼层: #4   时间: 周二 5 16, 2006 9:35 下午 引用回复
新托福听力揭秘(一)
by 小毛球儿 发贴于 加州阳光 http://bbs.calsunshine.info/sutra198874.html#198874

新托福听力揭秘(一)

  作者简介:邱政政,新东方著名托福教学与测试专家。上海新东方学校英语综合能力培训部主任,首创“M7”英语听说教学法。著有《TOEFL听力新思维》、《美音纠音、透析与突破》、《中高级口译考试词汇必备》、《美国签证口语指南》等多部畅销书。

  ETS主办的托福考试平均每十年酝酿一次大型变革。继1995年8月的托福变脸之后,2005年9月新托福考试又将在全球范围内实施,它模拟北美校园的真实语言环境,将听、说、读、写四部分有机结合在一起,全面考查考生的语言水平和沟通技能。可见,新托福考试已经不仅仅是一项简单的入学测试了。
从听力角度而言,新托福的考察范围仍然不会超出Campus Life——校园生活这个大主题,但除此之外,相对于旧托福而言,新托福在形式与内容上有了明显的变化。

听力形式“四大不同”

  从形式上看,旧托福的听力部分采用传统纸笔形式答题,而且“只闻其声,不见其像”;同时全程采用单项客观选择题型(四选一),学生可以提前扫描和预读选项,从而变被动为主动,唯一不足是听力过程中不可以做笔记帮助记忆。

  以下则是新托福听力部分的做题指南。

Listening Comprehension Section Directions

   This section measures your ability to understand conversations and lectures in English. You will hear each conversation or lecture only one time. After each conversation or lecture, you will answer some questions about it. The questions typically ask about the main idea and supporting details. Some questions ask about a speaker"s purpose or attitude. Answer the questions based on what is stated or implied by the speakers.

  You may take notes while you listen. You may use your notes to help you answer the questions. Your notes will not be scored.

  If you need to change the volume while you listen, click on the Volume icon at the top of the screen.

  In some questions, you will see this icon: . This means that you will hear, but not see part of the question.Some of the questions have special directions. These directions appear in a gray box on the screen.

  Most questions are worth one point. If a question is worth more than one point, it will have special directions that indicate how many points you can receive.

  You must answer each question. After you answer, click on Next. Then click on OK to confirm your answer and go on to the next question. After you click on OK, you cannot return to previous questions.

  You will have 20 minutes to answer the questions in this section. A clock at the top of the screen will show you how much time is remaining. The clock will not count down while you are listening to test material.

  Note: In the Listening Section of the actual test, you will both hear and read the questions.

  可见,新托福在考试形式上有明显变革,主要体现在以下四个方面,

1) 答题方式大不同。新托福告别纸笔形式,采用计算机化考试。保证每个考生拥有个人化应试环境,每人一个小隔间,一台电脑和一副耳机,不受外在因素干扰,而且考生可以在听力中做笔记,帮助记忆细节。如下图所示:



2) 答题界面大不同。新托福改变旧托福一味强迫考生纯粹用耳朵接受信息,用眼睛扫描选项的抽象界面,代之以大量相关图片配合声音资料,活化题目场景,加强考生的理解程度。例如下面这幅图片明显表明是一位教授与一个女生在办公室里的一段对话:





3) 答题程序大不同。新托福由于采取机考形式,听完整篇文章之前是无法预读和扫描任何问题或选项的,只能按部就班通过先听、后读、再选的程序答题。

4) 考察题型大不同。新托福除单选题以外加入多选题,还有图表题、是非题、排序题等其它诸多新题型,以加大对主观题的考察。例如下面这种是非题在新托福中就频繁出现:

  Based on information in the lecture, indicate whether the statements below about human emotion reflect beliefs held by Plato.

  For each sentence, click in the YES or NO column.

YES NO
Emotion is usually controlled by the faculty of desire. X
Emotion ought to be controlled by the faculty of intellect. X
Emotion is what motivates soldiers. X

  当然下面这种多选题更是屡见不鲜:

  According to the conversation, what are two ways in which bacteria cells get resistance genes? Click on 2 answers.

 The resistance genes are carried from nearby cells.

 The resistance genes are carried by white blood cells,

 The resistance genes are inherited from the parent cell.

 The resistance genes are carried by antibiotics.

听力内容“五大变化”

  从内容上看,旧托福的听力由三部分构成。Section A包括30个短对话, Section B和Section C分别由两个长对话和三个课堂教学段落构成,每段长度不会超过3分钟。三部分加起来共50个题目,每题1—2分,共68分。题目之间间隔12秒,整个听力部分用时30到35分钟。

  新托福则大不同。主要体现在以下五个方面:

1) 考察内容有侧重。新托福的考察内容相比旧托福更侧重学术语言环境。语言素材主要集中在国际学生通常在北美留学时选择的商务、教育、人文、工程、自然科学和社会研究等六大学科上,但不要求考生有特殊的个人专业背景。其题型设计就是要使一般学生能够听、说,能够理解各种学术话题。话题的难度和大学生在校园生活中所遇到的各种语言环境相当。

2) 组织结构大不同。新托福的听力部分取消了对短对话的考察,代之以两篇长对话和四篇课堂长段落,因此在很大程度上淡化了做题技巧,更加注重对听力实力的考察。比如下面这段长对话就不能用简单的场景和题型技巧加以应对。

Narrator

  Listen to part of a conversation between a student and a professor.

Student

Hi, Professor Johnson.

Professor

Hi, Anna. What can I do for you?

Student

[upspeak]

Remember, I e-mailed you about getting the handouts from the class I missed the other day, and you said I could stop by and pick them up today.

Professor

Oh, that’s right. [friendly, but seeking an explanation]

You know, that’s the fourth class you’ve missed this semester, and that’s not doing your grade any good.

I assume you had a good reason for being out...

Student

[apologetically]

I know, I really hated to miss another class, but I had the flu, and I could hardly get out of bed. That’ll be the last class I miss, though. I promise.

Professor

[accepting her promise]

Okay...

[sincerely]

So how are you feeling now—are you all recovered?

Student

Well, I’m still not quite a hundred per cent, but I’m feeling much better than I did a few days ago.

Professor

Well, that’s good.

Okay, uh…

[regaining train of thought]

oh yes, the handouts. There were three of them, and I’ll get those for you in just a minute. They’re pretty self-explanatory, but if you have any questions, just send me an e-mail.

But...

Student

[interrupting]

Okay, thank you.

Professor

Sure. Uh, but we also watched a video, and we’ll be having an essay question about it on the next exam, so,

[searching for a solution]

uh… [thinking]

Hmmm…Do you have a VCR at home?

Student

Actually, I don’t, but I do have access to one.

Professor

Okay…Well I can lend it you, but the only thing is, you’d have to watch it tonight and get it back to me early tomorrow, because I’m going to be showing it in the other section of that class tomorrow afternoon.

Student

That’d be great.

Professor

But you realLy have to get it back to me tomorrow before my class.

Student

No problem. I can drop it off first thing in the morning if you’d like.

Professor

Okay...

[changing his mind]

You know what? How about if we do it this way. I’ll keep it for now and show it in my class tomorrow, and uh then you can drop by here and pick it up on Friday morning and keep it for the whole weekend, and just bring it with you when you come to class next week. How does that sound? Uh then you’ll have a couple of days to watch it, and you won’t have to worry about getting it back here tomorrow.

Student

[checking her schedule in her mind]

Let’s see, Friday morning...

[turning happy when she realizes she can do it]

Yeah, that’ll work.

Professor

Excellent. I’ll be here from about ten to eleven thirty.

Student

[leaving]

Great. I’ll see you then.

Professor

Uh, just a second. Let me get you those handouts.

Student

Oh, yeah. Thank you.

3) 篇幅长度大不同。新托福的长对话和课堂演讲的时间都不同程度的增长,平均在4-6分钟左右,细节较多,容易遗忘,而且语速为normal speed,达到本土话,每分钟140-220个字节。很明显,这意味着新托福对考生在耐力、理解力和反应速度方面提出了更为严苛的要求。这种要求完全可以在下面这段课堂教学中窥见一斑。

Professor

So today we’re gonna talk about song development in birds and how—you may be surprised to know—the songs of most songbird species are learned—not completely instinctual—which is what we used to think…so I’d like to start things off today by, um, centering our discussion on the chaffinch.

The chaffinch is a type of European songbird, and we’re gonna use the chaffinch’s song development as illustrative of songbirds’ song development in general, because many other songbirds follow this same pattern, this pattern of learning songs.

Okay, so soon after hatching, baby chaffinches start producing these, um, begging sounds, begging calls, actually, which basically are a message to the parents saying, “Feed me; feed me.” That’s all for about the first five weeks, until they grow feathers and start getting ready to fly, you know, become fledglings, and then those calls—those begging sounds—are replaced by, uh, well…you know how babies—human babies—you know how they make that…baby…babbling sound? Like little, soft, vocalized…murmurings? Well, that’s pretty much similar to the noises that fledgling chaffinches make at this next stage of development…which is called subsong…

“Subsong” makes sense, right, because “sub” means “below,” and so the subsong is…uh, below, or…happens before their mature song, right? It’s an immature, or underdeveloped song, a baby song. Make sense?

Okay, now, they’re not begging for food anymore with the subsong. So what do you figure they’re making these soft murmurings for? Well, it’s at this stage—what we call early subsong—that, and this is important, the chaffinch’s subsong begins to provide auditory feedback from which the chaffinch learns, and so...self-learning is taking place, because the fledgling hears itself calling out, hears the sounds it’s making, you know, hears, hears its subsong, and so, it’s kinda’ comparing it to the parent’s song and so self-learning is taking place, um, through this process…get it?…

Alright. Now, as the chaffinch gets a little older, it enters into what could be called late subsong where parts of its subsong start sounding more and more like its parent’s song,
and we have the next step in song development taking place in late subsong, that is, the introduction of plastic song within the subsong--plastic song referring to—I don’t have to write that on the board, do I?—referring to the parts of the subsong that sound like the parent’s song.Plastic song. Does that sound a little strange to you? Well, keep in mind that “plastic” has, um, formative implications, you know, it can mean, like, growth, or development into something.…like what the chaffinch’s song is doing…it’s developing into its parent’s song…it’s, uh, not quite fully realized yet—it doesn’t sound precisely like its parent’s song—remember this is still the subsong stage we’re talking about—but it’s on its way, the fledgling is still learning, imitating parts of its parent’s song, just not quite the whole thing yet.

So. The fledgling gets older and now it’s winter, and during the winter, the young chaffinch doesn’t practice its singing. But in the spring, the chaffinch starts back up again, singing and practicing, and this time there is more of an emergence of plastic song, ah…a stronger presence of it within the subsong, and so thereby, the parent’s song is growing increasingly more recognizable and distinct, follow? Then, after about a month, the young chaffinch’s song crystallizes into what’s called full song—the, um, exact song the adults sing. So full song’s, uh, a full-blown imitation of the adult song. Alright?

Now what’s interesting is that chaffinches are able to complete this process, even from only a short exposure to their parents’ song. Exposure during the first few weeks of life is really all they need, and after that they can remember it, even though they need quite a bit of practice to produce it accurately themselves. So the theory is that there is a sensitive period in the chaffinch’s early life, its early development, a special sensitive period during which it learns what its song should sound like. So chaffinches, um, along with many other birds, learn songs early in life, and when they become adults, they don’t change their songs—it’s a copy of the parents’ song, like we said, okay?

4) 题目数量大不同。新托福的长对话和课堂演讲平均每篇设计5到6个题目,加起来共34道题,每道试题1-2分,共34-36分。新托福的题目数量是旧托福的一半,考试时间却达到50分钟左右,为旧托福的两倍,明显说明题目的含金量进一步加大。

但值得欣慰的是新托福的听力部分并未固定每个题目的答题时间,比如旧托福就严格控制为12秒。这就意味着考生可以自由分配答题时间,简单题少花时间,难题则可相应延长时间做答,只要保证在规定的20分钟之内做完所有的题目即可。这样无疑大大加大了听力部分的正确率。

5) 角色数量大不同。新托福的段落中有一位教授与多个学生对话的情形,这要比旧托福一对一的对话形式更易引起角色混淆和误听。比如下面这段就是三个人之间的长对话。

Narrator

  Listen to part of a discussion in an astronomy class. The professor is discussing Pluto.



Professor

Well, today I thought we’d talk about some of the reasons why Pluto’s status as a planet has been debated. You see, until recently what makes a planet a planet was one of the simpler concepts in astronomy. It’s always been deemed so, uh…so obvious, so… basic that it was never officially defined…So anyway,…uh improvements in telescopes and related technology have led to a whole host of discoveries in our solar system…with one result being that now even the generally accepted idea of what a planet is is being challenged…or at least qualified. And this directly affects the status of Pluto.

Student A

So what makes Pluto so different that it could be, um…reclassified?

Professor

Well, actually, there are several important differences between Pluto and the other planets. First, when you look at the other planets, especially the planets in the outer solar system, where Pluto orbits, you see that Pluto stands out, it’s the oddball…and I’ll give you one guess why.



Student B

It’s gotta be the size…Jupiter, Saturn and uh, Uranus and Neptune,…they’re the gas giants, and, well, Pluto isn’t.

Professor

Exactly,…uh compared to the gas giants, Pluto’s very different,…it’s neither gaseous nor a giant. See, uh Pluto is less than half the size of the next smallest planet, Mercury. It’s even smaller than our moon…and smaller than other moons in our solar system. So Pluto is very small for a planet,…maybe it’s not large enough to be considered a planet.




Student A

But Pluto orbits the Sun and…I mean…well, that’s one of the things planets do.

Professor

You’re right…Most people agree that a planet orbits a sun, and Pluto certainly does that…every 248 years, but with a highly eccentric orbit. Take a look at this:

What I mean when I say ‘eccentric’ is…it’s not like the other planets’ orbits, instead it’s different in uh, two major ways. One, it’s elliptical, but the others are nearly circular. So for part of its orbit, Pluto is closer to the Sun than Neptune and for the rest it’s farther away. And two, Pluto orbits on a different plane. That is, all the planets orbit the Sun on the same plane, except Pluto…which orbits at a seventeen degree angle to the other orbits. Do you see where it looks like it crosses the other orbits?

Student A

[interrupting]

But I don’t see why being small and having an unusual orbit would change Pluto’s status. I mean it still has most of the features that the other planets have, doesn’t it? It’s got an atmosphere, granted it’s thin, but it’s there. It even has a moon!

Professor

That’s true. In fact, if it wasn’t for the discovery of the Kuiper belt rhymes with “piper”, there probably wouldn’t be a question about Pluto’s status….

[questioning sounds by the students]

Student B

It’s…I’m sorry, the what belt?

Professor

Uh, it’s the Kuiper belt.

It’s like a swarm of icy-rocky objects out beyond Neptune. It turns out that Kuiper belt objects, which are also called KBOs, have a lot in common with Pluto.

For one, KBOs and Pluto are made of the same stuff, namely rock and ice. And for most of its orbit, Pluto is in the Kuiper belt. Remember when I said that Pluto has an eccentric orbit? Well, many KBOs do, too,…for the same reason,…their orbits are influenced by Neptune’s gravity. Now, without going into too much detail,…let me just say that Neptune’s gravity sort of pulls Pluto and the KBOs around…this results in orbits that are elliptical and almost exactly one and one half times longer than Neptune’s.

In light of these similarities, some suggest that Pluto’s merely the largest KBO found to date. Now, I’m saying this because several other large Kuiper belt objects have been found, some half as large as Pluto. Some scientists believe that they might find other KBOs as large as Pluto…

Student B

So you’re saying that Pluto’s more like a KBO than a planet?

Student A

Yeah…I mean, considering everything you just said, um, if Pluto were discovered today, would it even…well,…would it even be called a planet?

Professor

Well, let’s see. You tell me.

Student A

Hmmm, well…I’d still call it a planet. Like I said before…it may be small, but it’s got an atmosphere and a moon, it orbits the Sun and…

Student B

[interrupting]

Come on…it, it’s obviously a KBO. I mean, it’s in the Kuiper belt, it’s made of the same materials, it orbits the same way and it’s way smaller than any other planet. I think it’s clear

Professor

Well, nobody knew about the Kuiper belt when Pluto was discovered, so they called it a planet. But now? I think its status will continue to be questioned until there’s an official definition for planet.

  由此可见,新托福的听力给考生带来了巨大的挑战。不仅仅是听力,综合新托福的听力、阅读、写作和口语四大部分来看,除阅读之外,写作和口语部分对考生听力水平的要求也是史无前例的,在这两部分的考察中,考生不仅需要听懂指定的整段对话或课堂演讲,而且需要在此基础上理解、归纳整段对话或课堂演讲的中心思想和论证思路,并与所阅读的文章的中心思想和论证思路融会贯通后再回答问题。可想而知,如果我们开始就听不懂,那么无论是写作题还是口试题都将无从下手。所以我们的当务之急就是在整体上把握和熟悉新托福的基础之上,切实提高自身的听力水平,而不是一味追求所谓的“考试技巧”。(
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小毛球儿

性别: 性别:美女
居住地: Michgan,USA

楼层: #5   时间: 周二 5 16, 2006 9:37 下午 引用回复
新托福听力揭秘(二)
by 小毛球儿 发贴于 加州阳光 http://bbs.calsunshine.info/sutra198876.html#198876

新托福听力揭秘(二)

“四个结合”征服新托福

  针对新托福考试听力能力的提高,我们可以结合考试特点,尝试做到以下四个结合:

  1) INPUT和OUTPUT相结合,即输入和输出相结合。“输入”指平日注意积累校园生活语言素材,多看校园电影,多听英文广播,从而培养语感,纠正发音,达到厚积而薄发的境界。“输出”指大胆开口说英文,养成勤做presentation的习惯,达到能够举一反三、触类旁通的境界。

  当然需要注意的是:在“输入”的时候要有身临其境的融入感。比如在看校园电影时,要时刻把握在“看”中“听”,在“听”中“说”,在“说”中“学”的原则。因为只有如此,听说能力才可以相辅相成,全面升级。

  具体做法是在“看”电影时,把全部身心都投入到北美学习与生活的现实场景,体验语言的真实与灵动。在观赏和娱乐的动感中,培养和激发起学习听说的兴趣和动机;在“听”电影中,熟悉美音中普遍的连读、失爆、弱化、缩读等音变现象和美语特色的语调与节奏,精听和泛听各种校园生活经典对白和段落,有针对性地训练“听感”;在“说”电影中,积累大量校园生活常用的短语和句型,并在听懂的基础上,训练自己脱口而出的“口感”。

  2) 逻辑思维与形象思维相结合。逻辑思维指严密的思辨意识和理解能力,以应对听力中的对比题、判断题与推理题。形象思维则是“M7”英语听说教学法中的精髓,即在听力过程中根据语言传达的信息变抽象的文字为形象的图画反映于脑海之中。这样有了连续的动态图像的帮助,就可以帮助我们避开“英汉直译的枯燥性和无序性”,从而抓住表达的主干而不是旁支末节,走出“听了后面,忘了前面”的“怪圈”。也只有这样,才能使我们真正体察到“登泰山而小天下”的神奇感受。

  实际上,以英语为母语的人在遣词造句上的形象性特征是有目共睹的。举个简单的例子,如果把 “He’s hot under the collar.”直接翻译成汉语“他的领子下面热乎乎的。”,就很难让人理解到其确切含义;反之如果将这句话用生动形象的图画方式加以反映,就其义自现了:“他很恼火。” 可见,英语善于用“有行为参与”的“动态语言”来表达含义。抓住了英语的形象性这一特点,起码在四个方面对考生应对新托福听力起到推动作用。

  首先,新托福的听力语速为Normal Speed,除非考生有极快的英汉转化能力,否则若把英语译成汉语后再理解,就很难跟上原有的语速,以致顾此失彼,进而直接影响听力效果。所以考生应该努力摆脱母语(汉语)的负干扰,运用相应的形象思维,将抽象的英语文字通过大脑的联想合成,转化成栩栩如生的场景图像。一旦抽象的文字变成了具体的形象,就可以帮助我们更容易、更准确地理解听力篇章所展现的情境,从而享受到身临其境的通透感觉。

  其次,形象性思维还可以帮助考生走出“只见树木,不见森林”的听力误区。大多数人在初练听力时有这样的心理:力求把听到的每个词、每句话、每个细节都听懂(只见树木)。结果怎样呢?由于他们把注意力全部放在词句上,因而获得的只是些零零碎碎的信息,以致听完后抓不住主干(不见森林),不知所云。战胜这种心理的唯一办法是把听的注意力集中到内容上而不是语言上,集中到大意上而不是细节上,集中到正在听的内容而不是已经听过的内容,这是决定一个人的听力水平能否尽快提高的关键所在。由此可见,只有形象性思维可以将零碎的静态细节用动态的图景全面连贯地表现出来,这种整体反映的特性必然能够帮助考生在“听中”抛开旁支末节,直击主题。

  再次,形象性思维可以凭借其高屋建瓴、动态连贯的特性(信息处理科学中称之为“自上而下的处理”即:top-down processing),通过上下文内在的逻辑关系帮助考生更加准确地猜测出那些尚未听懂的内容。实际上,我们在做题时常常会出现对某个单词或短语听不清楚或对上下文中的某个环节一时难以理解而无法连贯的情况,这时候猜测往往能助一臂之力,而形象性思维又可以使猜测“如虎添翼”。

  最后,形象性思维还可以帮助考生连贯记忆。多数考生虽然在听力中抓住了某些信息,但却不善于把它们连续不断地储存在大脑里,以致转念就忘了。其实形象性思维完全可以帮助解决这个问题,因为形象的图画给人的印象远比抽象的文字深刻地多。印象越深,记忆也就越持久。

  如此看来,形象思维可以使我们变被动为主动,即便新托福听力再怎样复杂艰险,也能够迎刃而解了。

  3) MODEL与MULTIPLY相结合,即模仿与扩展的结合。很多考生在考试之前都一味追求“题海战术”而忽略了对已经做过的题目的消化和吸收。对于听力而言,只知“一味多听”却“不动脑筋”是大错特错的。听力水平的提高不但需要大量地接触语言,更需要经过反复细致地模仿和实践,因而那些听过的内容才是我们应该进一步分析、研究、学习和模仿的上佳材料。这时就需要模仿和扩展了。

  模仿指认真跟读托福听力题目中的各种语言点,包括语音、语调、语气、俚语、习语、句式等,不能放过任何细节。扩展指在模仿跟读的基础上,大力发散和扩充常考词汇和句式的其它含义和用法。因为托福听力考察的一大难点就是“一词多义”或“一义多词”。只知其一,不知其二是绝对无法对付尖酸刻薄的托福听力的。

  当然需要注意的是:模仿需要注意两大原则。其一是“简单原则”,即语言结构越简单,就越值得我们认真模仿。因为越看似简单的东西就越难以模仿,这跟学写汉字的时候,笔划越少的字越难写好,需要加倍练习是一个道理。其二则是“精准原则”,即模仿要达到惟妙惟肖,精益求精的地步。只有这样,我们的语言水平才能无限接近于Native Speaker,听起托福来,才能游刃有余。比如TOEFL听力“十大发音规律”、TOEFL听力“十大特色语音”、TOEFL听力“四大音变现象”、TOEFL听力“四类语气词”、TOEFL听力“八大特色语调”和《新托福比备听力习语200条》(见附件)等就是考生首先要模仿的对象。

  当然,模仿和扩展是个枯燥、漫长的过程,效果也不是短时间就能显现出来的。但是“靡不有初,鲜克有终。冰冻三尺,非一日之寒。”对于新托福,我们只有表现出超凡的持恒,才会看到最后的彩虹。

  4) MINE与MEMORIZE相结合,即挖掘与背诵相结合。语言是文化和思维的载体,掌握了英语表达的逻辑思维,就能在托福听力中以不变应万变,变被动为主动。所以我们一定要挖掘托福听力语言背后特有的美语思维模式和美国文化背景;同时将挖掘的内容加以背诵和记忆,以求达到运用自如的境界。比如我在《TOEFL听力新思维》一书中总结的托福听力三大思维模板:I.直抒胸臆式表达、II.先扬后抑式逻辑、III.间接回答式思维就是考生首先要消化吸收的内容。
阅读会员资料发送站内短信发送电子邮件浏览发表者的个人相册浏览发表者的主页QQ号码MSN
本主题网址: http://bbs.calsunshine.info/ftopic44237.html
小毛球儿

性别: 性别:美女
居住地: Michgan,USA

楼层: #6   时间: 周二 5 16, 2006 9:58 下午 引用回复
TOEFL资料网站与链接汇总
by 小毛球儿 发贴于 加州阳光 http://bbs.calsunshine.info/sutra198886.html#198886

推荐免费考试新托福的网站

ETS官方网站只要email就可以免费注册http://toeflpractice.ets.org/

http://www.free-english.com/TOEFL-iBT-practice-test.aspx (allen_annie:我在这个网站做过一套测试题,感觉和ETS上的测试难度和题型基本一致)


要考试的朋友不如先做一次,对新托福有个了解
阅读会员资料发送站内短信发送电子邮件浏览发表者的个人相册浏览发表者的主页QQ号码MSN
美国人自己当老板的十种方法
本主题网址: http://bbs.calsunshine.info/ftopic44237.html
小毛球儿

性别: 性别:美女
居住地: Michgan,USA

楼层: #7   时间: 周二 5 16, 2006 9:59 下午 引用回复

by 小毛球儿 发贴于 加州阳光 http://bbs.calsunshine.info/sutra198887.html#198887

机考网站整理:

Acezh 建的TOEFL资料库--下载托福机考资料:http://acezh.jijing.org/download.htm

美国国家地理杂志:
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/environment.html
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/

听力网站:
http://www.earthsky.org/Shows/Browse/
http://www.free-toefl.com/

飞跃重洋机井论坛
http://www.advancededu.net/edubbs/list.asp?boardid=109
----------------------------------------------
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary:http://www.m-w.com/home.htm

Longman Web Dictionary:http://www.longmanwebdict.com/

VOA Special English (美国之音慢速英语):http://language.chinadaily.com.cn/dialogue/voa/index.html

English Writing Course--有兴趣的朋友可以看一下:http://home.njenet.net.cn/ewriting/w/ewriting.htm

Sky Radio---很不错的网站,语速较快,内容丰富(推荐):http://www.skyradionet.com/index.html

听力练习资料(普林斯顿大学):http://www.princeton.edu/WebMedia/lectures/

美国校园网站:http://www.uscampus.com.cn/index.asp

免费听力网页(英语免费下载页面,纯免费个人制作主页):http://www.listeningexpress.com/downpage.aspx
阅读会员资料发送站内短信发送电子邮件浏览发表者的个人相册浏览发表者的主页QQ号码MSN
TOEFL资料网站与链接汇总
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